Bad (Bcl-2 antagonist of cell death) is a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family that displaces Bax from binding to Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, which results in cell death. Bad forms heterodimers with other Bcl-2 family members and localizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane. When phosphorylated in the presence of survival signals, Bad translocates to the cytoplasm and blocks the induction of apoptosis. In the absence of survival signals, dephosphorylated Bad is localized in the outer membrane of the mitochondria where it activates mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathways. Thus, Bad is a unique Bcl-2 family member that plays a key role in the transduction of upstream survival signals to the Bcl-2 apoptosis decision machinery, and high-throughput study methods for monitoring Bad phosphorylation are in high demand.
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